Cite this paper:
Devan HEMALATHA, Bojan NATARAJ, Basuvannan RANGASAMY, Kannan MAHARAJAN, Mathan RAMESH. Exploring the sublethal genotoxic effects of class II organophosphorus insecticide quinalphos on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2021, 39(2): 661-670

Exploring the sublethal genotoxic effects of class II organophosphorus insecticide quinalphos on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

Devan HEMALATHA1,2, Bojan NATARAJ1, Basuvannan RANGASAMY1, Kannan MAHARAJAN1, Mathan RAMESH1
1 Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, Tamil Nadu, India;
2 Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore-641014, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
The genotoxic effects of quinalphos (QP) were evaluated in the erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio using the comet, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormality assays. The 96 h LC50 value of quinalphos, estimated by static renewal system, was 10.9 μL/L. On the basis of the LC50 value, two sublethal concentrations (1.09 and 2.18 μL/L) of the compound were used together with cyclophosphamide (5 mg/L) as the positive control. The fish were exposed for 35 d, and sampling was done at the end of 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d. Our results reveal a significant dose-dependent increase in the frequencies of DNA strand breaks, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormalities. Similar responses were also observed in fish exposed to the positive genotoxin cyclophosphamide. The collective findings demonstrated that quinalphos exerts a genotoxic effect on C. carpio. The results further confirmed that the comet, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormality assays are useful tools in determining the potential genotoxicity of pesticides towards aquatic organisms.
Key words:    quinalphos (QP)|micronucleus|nuclear abnormalities|cyclophosphamide|Cyprinus carpio   
Received: 2019-07-05   Revised: 2019-09-06
Tools
PDF (1492 KB) Free
Print this page
Add to favorites
Email this article to others
Authors
Articles by Devan HEMALATHA
Articles by Bojan NATARAJ
Articles by Basuvannan RANGASAMY
Articles by Kannan MAHARAJAN
Articles by Mathan RAMESH
References:
Ali D, Kumar P G, Kumar S, Ahmed M. 2014. Evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative stress response to dimethoate in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Chem. Spec. Bioavailab., 26(2):111-118.
Ali D, Nagpure N S, Kumar S, Kumar R, Kushwaha B. 2008. Genotoxicity assessment of acute exposure of chlorpyrifos to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Chemosphere, 71(10):1 823-1 831.
Amitai G, Moorad D, Adani R, Doctor B P. 1998. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by chlorpyrifos-oxon. Biochem. Pharmacol., 56(3):293-299.
Ansari R A, Kaur M, Ahmad F, Rahman S, Rashid H, Islam F, Raisuddin S. 2009. Genotoxic and oxidative stressinducing effects of deltamethrin in the erythrocytes of a freshwater biomarker fish species, Channa punctata Bloch. Environ. Toxicol., 24(5):429-436.
APHA-AWWA-WEF. 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edn. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
Ayllon F, Garcia-Vazquez E. 2000. Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in European minnow Phoxinus phoxinus and mollie Poecilia latipinna:an assessment of the fish micronucleus test. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutag., 467(2):177-186.
Bolognesi C, Perrone E, Roggieri P, Pampanin D M, Sciutto A. 2006. Assessment of micronuclei induction in peripheral erythrocytes of fish exposed to xenobiotics under controlled conditions. Aquat. Toxicol., 78(Suppl. 1):S93-S98.
Buschini A, Martino A, Gustavino B, Monfrinotti M, Poli P, Rossi C, Santoro M, Döorr A J M, Rizzoni M. 2004. Comet assay and micronucleus test in circulating erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio specimens exposed in situ to lake waters treated with disinfectants for potabilization. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 557(2):119-129.
Cadet J, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Ravanat J L. 2003. Oxidative damage to DNA:formation, measurement and biochemical features. Mutat. Res./Fund. Mol. Mech. Mutagen., 531:5-23.
Carrasco K R, Tilbury K L, Myers M S. 1990. Assessment of the piscine micronucleus test as an in situ biological indicator of chemical contaminant effects. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 47(11):2 123-2 136.
Cavalcante D G S M, Martinez C B R, Sofia S H. 2008. Genotoxic effects of Roundup® on the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 655(1-2):41-46.
Çavaş T, Ergene-Gözükara S. 2003a. Micronuclei, nuclear lesions and interphase silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) as cyto-genotoxicity indicators in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to textile mill effluent. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 538(1-2):81-91.
Çavaş T, Ergene-Gözükara S. 2003b. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of lambda-cyhalothrin using nuclear and nucleolar biomarkers on fish cells. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 534(1-2):93-99.
Çavaş T, Ergene-Gözükara S. 2005. Micronucleus test in fish cells:a bioassay for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in the marine environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 46(1):64-70.
Chamarthi R R, Bangeppagari M, Gooty J M, Mandala S, Tirado J O, Marigoudar S R. 2014. Histopathological alterations in the gill, liver and brain of Cyprinus carpio on exposure to quinalphos. Am. J. Life Sci., 2(4):211-216.
Chebbi S G, David M. 2009. Neurobehavioral responses of the freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus.) under quinalphos intoxication. Biotech. Anim. Husband., 25(3-4):241-249.
Chebbi S G, David M. 2010a. Respiratory responses and behavioural anomalies of the carp Cyprinus carpio under quinalphos intoxication in sublethal doses. Sci. Asia, 36(1):12-17.
Chebbi S G, David M. 2010b. Quinalphos induced alterations in the levels of ions and whole animal oxygen consumption of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 1(1):102.
da Silva Souza T, Fontanetti C S. 2006. Micronucleus test and observation of nuclear alterations in erythrocytes of Nile tilapia exposed to waters affected by refinery effluent. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 605(1-2):87-93.
Das B K, Mukherjee S C. 2000. Chronic toxic effects of quinalphos on some biochemical parameters in Labeo rohita (Ham.). Toxicol. Lett., 114(1-3):11-18.
de Campos Ventura B, de Angelis D D F, Marin-Morales M A. 2008. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of the Atrazine herbicide in Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) detected by the micronuclei test and the comet assay. Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 90(1):42-51.
de Lemos C T, Rödel P M, Terra N R, de Oliveira N C D, Erdtmann B. 2007. River water genotoxicity evaluation using micronucleus assay in fish erythrocytes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 66(3):391-407.
Durairaj S, Selvarajan V R. 1992. Influence of quinalphos, an organophosphorous pesticide, on the biochemical constituents of the tissues of fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Environ. Biol., 13(3):181-185.
Dwivedi P D, Das M, Khanna S K. 1998. Role of cytochrome P-450 in quinalphos toxicity:effect on hepatic and brain antioxidant enzymes in RatsITRC communication No. 1965. Food Chem. Toxicol., 36(5):437-444.
Ecobichon D J. 1991. Toxic effect of pesticides. In:Amdur M O, Doull J, Klaasen CD eds. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology:The Basic Science of Poisons. Pergamon Press, New York. p.565-622.
Ergene S, Çavaş T, CÇelik A, Köleli N, Kaya F, Karahan A. 2007. Monitoring of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of three fish species from the Goksu Delta(Turkey):genotoxic damage in relation to water pollution. Ecotoxicology, 16(4):385-391.
Farah M A, Ateeq B, Ali M N, Ahmad W. 2003. Evaluation of genotoxicity of PCP and 2, 4-D by micronucleus test in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 54(1):25-29.
Ferraro M V M, Fenocchio A S, Mantovani M S, de Oliveira Ribeiro C, Cestari M M. 2004. Mutagenic effects of tributyltin and inorganic lead (Pb II) on the fish H. malabaricus as evaluated using the comet assay and the piscine micronucleus and chromosome aberration tests. Genet. Mol. Biol., 27(1):103-107.
Finney D J. 1952. Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. 337p.
Frenzilli G, Nigro M, Lyons B P. 2009. The Comet assay for the evaluation of genotoxic impact in aquatic environments. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. Res., 681(1):80-92.
Gupta B, Rani M, Salunke R, Kumar R. 2012. In vitro and in vivo studies on degradation of quinalphos in rats. J. Hazard. Mater., 213:285-291.
Gupta P K, Khangarot B S, Durve V S. 1981. The temperature dependence of the acute toxicity of copper to a freshwater pond snail, Viviparus bengalensis L. Hydrobiologia, 83(3):461-464.
Harshbarger J C, Clark J B. 1990. Epizootiology of neoplasms in bony fish of North America. Sci. Total. Environ., 94(1-2):1-32.
Hayes J W Jr, Laws E R Jr. 1991. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Volume 1:General Principles. Academic Press, San Diego. p.1-137.
Hemalatha D, Amala A, Rangasamy B, Nataraj B, Ramesh M. 2016. Sublethal toxicity of quinalphos on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Environ. Toxicol., 31(11):1 399-1 406.
Imanikia S, Galea F, Nagy E, Phillips D H, Stürzenbaum S R, Arlt V M., 2016. The application of the comet assay to assess the genotoxicity of environmental pollutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 45:356-361.
Jha A N. 2008. Ecotoxicological applications and significance of the comet assay. Mutagenesis, 23(3):207-221.
Kavitha P, Rao J V. 2008. Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on antioxidant enzymes and target enzyme acetylcholinesterase interaction in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 26(2):192-198.
Kilemade M F, Hartl M G J, Sheehan D, Mothersill C, Van Pelt F N A M, O'Halloran J, O'Brien N M. 2004. Genotoxicity of field-collected inter-tidal sediments from Cork Harbor, Ireland, to juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) as measured by the comet assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 44(1):56-64.
Kokilavani P, Suriyakalaa U, Elumalai P, Abirami B, Ramachandran R, Sankarganesh A, Achiraman S. 2014. Antioxidant mediated ameliorative steroidogenesis by Commelina benghalensis L. and Cissus quadrangularis L. against quinalphos induced male reproductive toxicity. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 109:18-33.
Kumar R, Nagpure N S, Kushwaha B, Srivastava S K, Lakra W S. 2010. Investigation of the genotoxicity of malathion to freshwater teleost fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using the micronucleus test and comet assay. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 58(1):123-130.
Kumar S P. 2012. Micronucleus assay:a sensitive indicator for aquatic pollution. Int. J. Res. BioSci., 1(2):32-37.
Lee R F, Steinert S. 2003. Use of the single cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay for detecting DNA damage in aquatic (marine and freshwater) animals. Mutat. Res./Rev. Mutat. Res., 544(1):43-64.
Li H, Wang Y, Shi L Q, Mi J, Song D, Pan X J. 2012. Distribution and fractions of phosphorus and nitrogen in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, China. Int. J. Environ. Res., 6(1):195-208.
Matsumoto S T, Mantovani M S, Malaguttii M I A, Dias A L, Fonseca I C, Marin-Morales M A. 2006. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of water contaminated with tannery effluents, as evaluated by the micronucleus test and comet assay using the fish Oreochromis niloticus and chromosome aberrations in onion root-tips. Genet. Mol. Biol., 29(1):148-158.
Mert R, Benli A Ç K, Arslan G. 2015. Determination of histological and genotoxic effects of formalin on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquacult. Res., 46(11):2 798-2 807.
Mitchell S H, Kennedy S. 1992. Tissue concentrations of organochlorine compounds in common seals from the Coast of Northern Ireland. Sci. Total. Environ., 115(1-2):163-77.
Monteiro V, Cavalcante D G S M, Viléla M B F A, Sofia S H, Martinez C B R. 2011. In vivo and in vitro exposures for the evaluation of the genotoxic effects of lead on the Neotropical freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus. Aquat. Toxicol., 104(3-4):291-298.
Muranli F D G, Güner U. 2011. Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of mosquito fish(Gambusia affinis) following exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 726(2):104-108.
Muttappa K, Reddy H R V, Rajesh M, Padmanabha A. 2014. Quinalphos induced alteration in respiratory rate and food consumption of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. J. Environ. Biol., 35(2):395-398.
Nwani C D, Nagpure N S, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Kumar P, Lakra W S. 2010. Lethal concentration and toxicity stress of carbosulfan, glyphosate and atrazine to freshwater air breathing fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Int. Aquat. Res., 2:105-111.
Nwani C D, Nagpure N S, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Kumar P, Lakra W S. 2011. Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 31(2):314-322.
Nwani C D, Nagpure N S, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Kumar P, Lakra W S. 2014. Induction of micronuclei and nuclear lesions in Channa punctatus following exposure to carbosulfan, glyphosate and atrazine. Drug. Chem. Toxicol., 37(4):370-377.
Oruc E O, Sevgiler Y, Uner N. 2004. Tissue-specific oxidative stress responses in fish exposed to 2, 4-D and azinphosmethyl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 137(1):43-51.
Pacheco M, Santos M A. 1997. Induction of EROD activity and genotoxic effects by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and resin acids on the juvenile eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 38(3):252-259.
Palanikumar L, Kumaraguru A K, Ramakritinan C M, Anand M. 2012. Genotoxic assessment of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene to milkfish Chanos chanos. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 94(2):350-363.
Pandey A K, Nagpure N S, Trivedi S P, Kumar R, Kushwaha B. 2011. Profenofos induced DNA damage in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 726(2):209-214.
Pandey S, Nagpure N S, Kumar R, Sharma S, Srivastava S K, Verma M S. 2006. Genotoxicity evaluation of acute doses of endosulfan to freshwater teleost Channa punctatus(Bloch) by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 65(1):56-61.
Pant N, Srivastava S P. 2003. Testicular and spermatotoxic effects of quinalphos in rats. J Appl Toxicol, 23(4):271-274.
Park E H, Lee J S, Yi A K, Etoh H. 1989. Fish cell line (ULF-23HU) derived from the fin of the central mudminnow(Umbra limi):suitable characteristics for clastogenicity assay. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 25(11):987-994.
Racke K D. 1993. Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 131:1-150.
Raisuddin S, Jha A N. 2004. Relative sensitivity of fish and mammalian cells to sodium arsenate and arsenite as determined by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 44(1):83-89.
Raisuddin S, Lee J S. 2008. Fish models in impact assessment of carcinogenic potential of environmental chemical pollutants:an appraisal of hermaphroditic mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus. In:Murakami Y, Nakayama K, Kitamura S I, Iwata H, Tanabe S eds. Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental ChemistryBiological Responses to Chemical Pollutants. TERRAPUB, Tokyo. p.7-15.
Ray A, Chatterjee S, Ghosh S, Bhattacharya K, Pakrashi A, Deb C. 1992. Quinalphos-induced suppression of spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins, testicular testosterone production, and secretion in adult rats. Environ. Res., 57(2):181-189.
Rupa D S, Reddy P P, Reddi O S. 1991a. Cytogenetic effects of quinalphos in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 29(2):115-117.
Rupa D S, Reddy P P, Reddi O S. 1991b. Frequency of sister chromatid exchange in peripheral lymphocytes of male pesticide applicators. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 18(2):136-138.
Sadiqul I M, Ferdous Z, Nannu T A, Mostakim G M, Rahman K. 2016. Acute exposure to a quinalphos containing insecticide (convoy) causes genetic damage and nuclear changes in peripheral erythrocytes of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus. Environ. Pollut., 219:949-956.
Sastry K V, Siddiqui A A, Singh S K. 1982. Alteration in some biochemical and enzymological parameters in the snake head fish Channa punctatus, exposed chronically to quinalphos. Chemosphere, 11(12):1 211-1 216.
Scott G I, Fulton M H, Moore D W. 1990. Agricultural insecticide runoff effects on estuarine organisms:correlating laboratory and field toxicity testing with ecotoxicological biomonitoring. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Charleston Laboratory, Charleston, Report #CR813138-01-1.
Sharma S K, Mathur B N. 1972. Toxicity data references for quinalphos, national institute of occupational safety and health, EPA IRIS database. J. Agric. Sci., 3:108.
Shukla D, Nagpure N S, Kumar R, Singh P J. 2010. Assessement of genotoxicity of dichlorvos to Mystus vittatus (Bloch) by comet assay. Indian J. Fish., 57(2):39-44.
Singh N P, McCoy M T, Tice R R, Schneider E L. 1988. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell Res., 175(1):184-191.
Sprague J B. 1969. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish I. Bioassay methods for acute toxicity. Water Res., 3(11):793-821.
Srivastava M K, Raizada R B, Dikshith T S S. 1992. Fetotoxic response of technical quinalphos in rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 34(2):131-133.
Subramaneyaan M, Jain S, Yadav C, Arora V K, Banerjee B D, Ahmed R S. 2012. Quinalphos induced oxidative stress and histoarcheitectural alterations in adult male albino rats. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 34(3):673-678.
Sundaram K M S, Sundaram A, Hammock B D. 1994. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis deposits in a hardwood forest, after aerial application of a commercial formulation at two dosage rates. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, 29(5):999-1 052.
Talapatra S N, Banerjee S K. 2007. Detection of micronucleus and abnormal nucleus in erythrocytes from the gill and kidney of Labeo bata cultivated in sewage-fed fish farms. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45(2):210-215.
Tice R R, Agurell E, Anderson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H, Miyamae Y, Rojas E, Ryu J C, Sasaki Y F. 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay:guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35(3):206-221.
Udroiu I. 2006. The micronucleus test in piscine erythrocytes. Aquat. Toxicol., 79(2):201-204.
Vardavas A I, Stivaktakis P D, Tzatzarakis M N, Fragkiadaki P, Vasilaki F, Tzardi M, Datseri G, Tsiaoussis J, Alegakis A K, Tsitsimpikou C, Rakitskii V N, Carvalho F, Tsatsakis A M. 2016. Long-term exposure to cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity in New Zealand white male rabbits. Food Chem. Toxicol., 94:250-259.
Vasilić Ž, Drevenkar V, Rumenjak V, Stengl B, Frobe Z. 1992. Urinary excretion of diethylphosphorus metabolites in persons poisoned by quinalphos or chlorpyrifos. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 22(4):351-357.
Venkata Rathnamma V, Nagaraju B, Aanitha A. 2013a. Impact of quinalphos on acid phosphatase and acetyl cholinesterase of the fresh-water Fish Labeo rohita(Hamilton). J. Biol. Today's World, 2:493-497.
Venkata Rathnamma V, Nagaraju B. 2013b. Lethal and sublethal effects of quinolphos on nucleic acids of freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Int. J. Res. Appl. Nat. Soc. Sci., 1(3):105-110.
Vig K, Singh D K, Sharma P K. 2006. Endosulfan and quinalphos residues and toxicity to soil microarthropods after repeated applications in a field investigation. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, 41(5):681-692.
WHO. 2002. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2000-2002. WHO/PCS/01.5. WHO, Geneva.
Copyright © Haiyang Xuebao