|
|
Cite this paper: |
|
|
WANG Zhifeng, WU Kejian, DONG Sheng, DENG Zeng'an, ZHANG Xiaoshuang. Effect of wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of ocean mixed layer[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2015, 33(1): 233-242 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Effect of wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of ocean mixed layer |
|
| WANG Zhifeng1, WU Kejian2, DONG Sheng1, DENG Zeng'an3, ZHANG Xiaoshuang3 |
|
1 College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
2 College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
3 National Marine Data and Information Service, State Oceanic Administration, Tianjin 300171, China |
|
| Abstract: |
| The wave-forcing ‘Coriolis-Stokes forcing’ and ‘Stokes-vortex force’ induced by Stokes drift affect the upper ocean jointly. To study the effect of the wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of the ocean mixed layer, a new three-dimensional (3D) numerical model is derived using the primitive basic equations and Eulerian wave averaging. The Princeton Ocean Model (POM), a 3D primitive equation ocean model is used with the upper wave-averaged basic equations. The global ocean circulation is simulated using the POM model, and the Stokes drift is evaluated based on the wave data generated by WAVEWATCH III. We compared simulations with and without the Stokes drift. The results show that the magnitude of the Stokes drift is comparable with the Eulerian mean current. Including the Stokes drift in the ocean model affects both the Eulerian current and the Lagranian drift and causes the vertical mixing coefficients to increase. |
|
| Key words:
Stokes drift|WAVEWATCH III|Princeton Ocean Model (POM)|Coriolis-Stokes forcing|Stokes-vortex force
|
|
| Received: 2014-04-23 Revised: 2014-06-03 |
|
|
|
|
References:
Ardhuin F, Marié L, Rascle N, Forget P, Roland A. 2009. Observation and estimation of Lagrangian, stokes, and Eulerian currents induced by wind and waves at the sea surface. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39 (11): 2 820-2 838.
Ardhuin F, Rascle N, Belibassakis K A. 2008. Explicit wave averaged primitive equations using a generalized Lagrangian mean. Ocean Modelling, 20: 35-60.
Blumberg A F, Mellor G L. 1987. A description of a threedimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Heaps N ed. Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models. Coastal and Estuarine Study, Washington USA. p.1-16.
Craik A D, Leibovich S. 1976. A rational model for Langmuir circulations. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 73: 401-426.
Craik A D. 1977. The generation of Langmuir circulation by an instability mechanism. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 125: 37-52.
Dobson F, Perrie W, Toulany B. 1989. On the deep water fetch laws for wind-generated surface gravity waves. Atmos. Ocean, 27: 210-236.
Hasselmann K. 1970. Wave-driven inertial oscillations. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 1: 463-502.
Holm D D. 1996. The ideal Craik-Leibovich equations. Physica D, 98: 415-441.
Jenkins A D. 1986. A theory for steady and variable wind- and wave-induced currents. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16: 1 370-1 377.
Kantha L H, Clayson C A. 1994. An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99 (C12): 25 235-25 266.
Kenyon K E. 1970. Stokes transport. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75: 1 133-1 135.
Lane E M, Restrepo J M, McWilliams J C. 2007. Wave-current interaction: a comparison of radiation-stress and vortexforce representations. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37: 1 122-1 141.
Langmuir I. 1983. Surface motion of water induced by wind. Science, 87: 119-123.
Longuet-Higgins M S, Stewart R W. 1960. Changes in the form of short gravity waves on long waves and tidal currents. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 8: 565-583.
Longuet-Higgins M S, Stewart R W. 1961. The changes in amplitude of short gravity waves on steady non-uniform currents. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 10: 529-549.
McWilliams J C, Restrepo J M. 1999. The wave-driven ocean circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29: 2 523-2 540.
McWilliams J C, Sullivan P P. 2001. Vertical mixing of Langmuir circulations. Spill and Science Technology, 6: 225-238.
McWilliams J C, Testrepo J M, Lane E M. 2004. An asymptotic theory for the ocean. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 511: 135-178.
McWillianms J C, Sullivan P P, Moeng C H. 1997. Langmuir turbulence in the ocean. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 334: 1-30.
Mellor G L, Yamada T. 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31: 1 791-1 806.
Mellor G L, Ymadaa T. 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 20: 851-875.
Newberger P A, Allen J S. 2007a. Forcing a three-dimensional, hydrostatic, primitive-equation model for application in the surf zone: 1. Formulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112: C08018, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /10.1029/2006JC003472.
Newberger P A, Allen J S. 2007b. Forcing a three-dimensional, hydrostatic, primitive-equation model for application in the surf zone: 2. Application to DUCK94. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112: C08019, http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/10.1029/2006JC003474.
Perrie W, Hu Y C. 1997. Air-ice-ocean momentum exchange. Part II: ice drift. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27 (9): 1 976-1 996.
Philips O M. 1977. The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 336p.
Polton J A, Belcher S E. 2007. Langmuir turbulence and deeply penetrating jets in an unstratified mixed layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112: C09020, http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/10.1029/2007JC004205.
Polton J A, Lewis D M, Belcher S E. 2005. Belcher. The role of wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing on the winddriven mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35: 444-457.
Qiao F L, Yang, Y Z, Xia C S et al. 2008. The role of surface waves in the ocean mixed layer. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 27 (3): 30-37.
Qiao F L, Yuan Y L, Yang Y Z et al. 2004. Wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean: Distribution and application in a global ocean circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31: L11303, http://preview.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/10.1029/ 2004GL019824.
Rascle N, Ardhuin F, Terray E A. 2006. Drift and mixing under the ocean surface. a coherent one- dimensional description with application to unstratified conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111: C03016, http://preview. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/10.1029/2005JC003004.
Shay L K, Martinez-Pedraja J, Cook T M, Haus B K. 2007. High-frequency radar mapping of surface currents using WERA. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24: 484-503.
Stokes G G. 1984. On the theory of oscillatory waves. Trans. Cambridge Philosophical Society, 8: 441-455.
Sullivan P P, McWilliams J C, Melville W K. 2007. Surface gravity wave effects in the oceanic boundary layer: largeeddy simulation with vortex force and stochastic breakers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 593: 405-452.
Sullivan P P, McWilliams J C. 2010. Dynamics of winds and currents coupled to surface waves. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 42: 19-42.
Uchiyama Y, McWilliams J C, Restrepo J M. 2009. Wavecurrent interaction in nearshore shear instability analyzed with a vortex-force formalism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114: C06021, http://preview.onlinelibrary. wiley.com/10.1029/2008JC005135.
Uchiyama Y, McWilliams J C. 2008. Infragravity waves in the deep ocean: generation, propagation, and seismic hum excitation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: C07029, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004562.
Wu K J, Liu B. 2008. Stokes drift-induced and direct wind energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: C10002, http://preview.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/10. 1029/2007JC004579.
Wu K J, Yang Z L, Liu B et al. 2008. Wave energy input into the Ekman layer. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 51: 134-141.
|
|
|
|