Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in Qingdao Waters, China -- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2017,35(2):400-414

	Cite this paper:
	YUAN Yongquan, YU Zhiming, SONG Xiuxian, CAO Xihua. Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in Qingdao Waters, China[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2017, 35(2): 400-414

Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in Qingdao Waters, China

YUAN Yongquan^1,2,3, YU Zhiming^1,2, SONG Xiuxian^1,2, CAO Xihua^1,2

1 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
2 Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266001, China;
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract:

Qingdao waters, including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay (JB) and the adjacent water out of JB (OJB), have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the western Yellow Sea (west of 124°E). In this research, HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters from 1990 to 2009 were investigated using spatial tools in geographic information system (GIS) and are discussed in terms of their connection to temporal variation. Additionally, the effects of each HAB occurrence were further evaluated using a simple model. The calculated results were then visualized using a GIS software to indicate the effects of HABs in Qingdao waters during the entire period. As a result, the OJB was proven to be responsible for the frequent HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters after 2000, although JB was traditionally believed to be the principle source of HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters. In addition, increasing nitrogen and N/P structure imbalance were essential for increasing HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters throughout the entire period, especially for the recent HAB occurrences in the OJB. The results of this research would improve the current understanding on HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters, which would benefit HAB monitoring and the implementation of a control strategy in China as well.

Key words: harmful algal blooms (HABs)|geographic information system (GIS)|effects evaluation of HABs|Qingdao waters

Received: 2015-10-13 Revised: 2015-12-15

Tools

PDF (1222 KB) Free

Print this page

Add to favorites

Email this article to others

Authors

Articles by YUAN Yongquan

Articles by YU Zhiming

Articles by SONG Xiuxian

Articles by CAO Xihua

References:
Adachi R. 1973. Red tide organisms and red tide. Fisheries Engineering, 9:31-36. (in Japanese)
Anderson D M, Burkholder J M, Cochlan W P, Glibert P M, Gobler C J, Heil C A, Kudela R M, Parsons M L, Jack Rensel J E, Townsend D W, Trainer V L, Vargo G A. 2008.
Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication:examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States. Harmful Algae, 8(1):39-53.
Bodeanu N, Ruta G. 1998. Development of the planktonic algae in the Romanian Black Sea sector in 1981-1996. In:Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez M, Wyatt T eds. Harmful Algae. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and I.O.C., Vigo, Spain.p.188-191.
Borkman D G, Smayda T J. 2009. Gulf Stream position and winter NAO as drivers of long-term variations in the bloom phenology of the diatom Skeletonema costatum"species-complex" in Narragansett Bay, RI, USA. Journal of Plankton Research, 31(11):1 407-1 425.
Bowers H A, Tomas C, Tengs T, Kempton J W, Lewitus A J, Oldach D W. 2006. Raphidophyceae[Chadefaud Ex Silva] systematics and rapid identification:sequence analyses and Real- Time PCR assays. Journal of Phycology, 42(6):1 333-1 348.
Brand L E, Compton A. 2007. Long-term increase in Karenia brevis abundance along the Southwest Florida Coast.Harmful Algae, 6(2):232-252.
Chai C, Yu Z M, Song X X, Cao X H. 2006. The status and characteristics of eutrophication in the Yangtze River(Changjiang) estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, China. Hydrobiologia, 563(1):313-328.
Clark P J, Evans F C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4):445-453.
Cloern J E, Cole B E, Hager S W. 1994. Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA).Journal of Plankton Research, 16(9):1 269-1 276.
Crawford D W, Purdie D A, Lockwood A P M, Weissman P. 1997. Recurrent Red-tides in the southampton water estuary caused by the phototrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 45(6):799-812.
Dai J C, Song J M, Li X G, Yuan H M, Li N, Zheng G X. 2007.Environmental changes reflected by sedimentary geochemistry in recent hundred years of Jiaozhou Bay, North China. Environmental Pollution, 145(3):656-667.
Gatrell A C, Bailey T C, Diggle P J, Rowlingson B S. 1996.Spatial point pattern analysis and its application in geographical epidemiology. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 21(1):256-274.
Getis A. 1964. Temporal land-use pattern analysis with the use of nearest neighbor and quadrat methods. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 54(3):391-399.
Glibert P M, Burkholder J M. 2006. The complex relationships between increases in fertilization of the earth, coastal eutrophication and proliferation of harmful algal blooms.In:Granéli E, Turner J T eds. Ecology of Harmful Algae.Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. p.341-354.
Hallegraeff G M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia, 32(2):79-99.
Han H Y, Li K Q, Wang X L, Shi X Y, Qiao X D, Liu J. 2011.Environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutions in Jiaozhou Bay, China:modeling and assessing. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 63(5-12):262-266.
Haque S M, Onoue Y. 2002. Variation in toxin compositions of two harmful raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina, at different salinities. Environmental Toxicology, 17(2):113-118.
Herfort L, Peterson T D, Campbell V, Futrell S, Zuber P. 2011.Myrionecta rubra (Mesodinium rubrum) bloom initiation in the Columbia River estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 95(4):440-446.
Huo W Y, Yu Z M, Zou J Z, Han X T. 2001. Analysis of dynamic process and the causes of Eucampia zoodiacus red tide in Jiaozhou Bay. Journal of Fisheries of China, 25(3):222-226. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Jenks G F. 1967. The data model concept in statistical mapping.International Yearbook of Cartography, 7:186-190.
Lai P C, Wong C M, Hedley A J, Lo S V, Leung P Y, Kong J, Leung G M. 2004. Understanding the spatial clustering of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(15):1 550-1 556.
Lars-Johan N, Einar D, Didrik D. 2002. A new bloom of Chattonella in Norwegian waters. Harmful Algae News, 23:3-5.
Li Y H. 2010. The Study of Jiaozhou Bay Ecosystem Dynamic Change. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao. p.1-104. (in Chinese)
Liu D Y, Sun J, Zhang J, Liu G S. 2008. Response of the diatom flora in Jiaozhou Bay, China to environmental changes during the last century. Marine Micropaleontology, 66(3-4):279-290.
Liu D Y, Sun J, Zou J Z, Zhang J. 2005a. Phytoplankton succession during a red tide of Skeletonema costatum in Jiaozhou Bay of China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(1):91-94.
Liu S M, Zhang J, Chen H T, Zhang G S. 2005b. Factors influencing nutrient dynamics in the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, North China. Progress in Oceanography, 66(1):66-85.
Liu S M, Zhu B D, Zhang J, Wu Y, Liu G S, Deng B, Zhao M X, Liu G Q, Du J Z, Ren J L, Zhang G L. 2010.Environmental change in Jiaozhou Bay recorded by nutrient components in sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(9):1 591-1 599.
Lu M, Zhang L J, Li C, Zou L, Zhang J. 2001. Analysis of the ecological environment elements in the red tide generating and vanishing process in the eastern Jiaozhou Bay in July, 1999. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 19(4):43-50. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma Y, Gao R Z, Xue Y C, Yang Y Q, Wang X Y, Liu B, Xu X L, Liu X Z, Hou J W, Lin H. 2013. Weather support for the 2008 Olympic and paralympic sailing events. Advances in Meteorology, 2013:289284, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/289284.
MEP. 2002-2008. Bulletin of environmental quality of coastal area (2001-2007). The Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing. (in Chinese)
NCSEMC. 2005-2008. Monitoring and warning report of HAB events in coatal waters of Qingdao (2005-2008).NCSEMC, Qingdao. (in Chinese)
Oguchi T, Jarvie H P, Neal C. 2000. River water quality in the Humber catchment:an introduction using GIS-based mapping and analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 251-252:9-26.
Padmakumar K B, SreeRenjima G, Fanimol C L, Menon N R, Sanjeevan V N. 2010. Preponderance of heterotrophic Noctiluca scintillans during a multi-species diatom bloom along the southwest coast of India. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, 4(1):55-63.
Parzen E. 1962. On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 33(3):1 065-1 076.
Qingdao Statistic Agency. 1989-2008. Annual of Qingdao(1988-2007). The Qingdao Statistic Agency, Qingdao. (in Chinese)
Rabalais N N, Turner R E, Justić D, Dortch Q, Wiseman W J, Sen Gupta B K. 1996. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi River and system responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries, 19(2):386-407.
Rensel J E J, Haigh N, Tynan T J. 2010. Fraser river sockeye salmon marine survival decline and harmful blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo. Harmful Algae, 10(1):98-115.
Rosenblatt M. 1956. Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 27(3):832-837.
Scholz B, Liebezeit G. 2012. Screening for competition effects and allelochemicals in benthic marine diatoms and cyanobacteria isolated from an intertidal flat (southern North Sea). Phycologia, 51(4):432-450.
Shen Z L, Liu Q, Wu Y L, Yao Y. 2006. Nutrient structure of seawater and ecological responses in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 69(1-2):299-307.
Shen Z L. 2001. Historical changes in nutrient structure and its influences on phytoplantkon composition in Jiaozhou Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52(2):211-224.
Shi X Y, Chen L L, Zhu C J, Wang X L. 2007. Preliminary discussion on the sea water quality status in the 2008
Olympic boat-sailing field and adjacent area. Marine Science Bulletin, 9(2):90-96.
SOA. 1991-2010. Bulletin of marine disaster of China (1990-2009). SOA, Beijing. (in Chinese)
SOA. 1998-2010. Bulletin of marine environmental Quality of China (1997-2009). SOA, Beijing. (in Chinese)
SOA. 2002-2010. Bulletin of marine environmental quality of Qingdao City (2001-2009). SOA, Beijing. (in Chinese)
SOA. 2004-2010. Bulletin of marine environmental quality of Shandong Province (2003-2009). SOA, Beijing. (in Chinese)
SOA. 2005. HY/T069-2005 Technical specification for red tide minitoring. Standards Press of China, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Spencer J, Angeles G. 2007. Kernel density estimation as a technique for assessing availability of health services in Nicaragua. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 7(3-4):145-157.
Sun Y L, Sun C Q, Wang X C, Tian H, Chen S J. 1994. Forecast of impact of Qingdao bay bridge on tide, tidal current and residual current of Jiaozhou Bay I. Tidal current of Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent sea area. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, (S1):105-119. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Tango P J, Magnien R, Butler W, Luckett C, Luckenbach M, Lacouture R, Poukish C. 2005. Impacts and potential effects due to Prorocentrum minimum blooms in Chesapeake Bay. Harmful Algae, 4(3):525-531.
Taylor F J R, Haigh R. 1993. The ecology of fish-killing blooms of the chloromonad flagellate Heterosigma akashiwo in the strait of georgia and adjacent waters. In:Smayda T J, Shimizu Y eds. Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p.705-771.
Villarino M L, Figueiras F G, Jones K J, Alvarez-Salgado X A, Richard J, Edwards A. 1995. Evidence of in situ diel vertical migration of a red-tide microplankton species in Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). Marine Biology, 123(3):607-617.
Wang J H, Wu J Y. 2009. Occurrence and potential risks of harmful algal blooms in the East China Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 407(13):4 012-4 021.
Wu Z X, Yu Z M, Song X X, Yuan Y Q, Cao X H, Liang Y B. 2013. The spatial and temporal characteristics of harmful algal blooms in the southwest Bohai Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 59:10-17.
Xu J, Lee J H W, Yin K D, Liu H B, Harrison P J. 2011.Environmental response to sewage treatment strategies:Hong Kong's experience in long term water quality monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(11):2 275-2 287.
Xu Y D, Lou A G, Tan H T, Long S Q, Shi X Y. 2006.Environment capacity predicted in the Olympic sailing games' district. Marine Sciences, 30(2):38-42. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu Z L. 2009. The inter-annual variations in Noctiluca scintillans abundance and eutrophication in Changjiang Estuary. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 40(6):793-798. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yan J, Wang H, Bao X W. 2001. The simulation of 3D tidal and residual current in the Jiaozhou Bay. Advance in Earth Sciences, 16(2):172-177. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yao P, Yu Z G, Deng C M, Liu S X, Zhen Y. 2010. Spatialtemporal distribution of phytoplankton pigments in relation to nutrient status in Jiaozhou Bay, China.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 89(3):234-244.
Yuan Y, Song D H, Wu W, Liang S K, Wang Y, Ren Z P. 2016.The impact of anthropogenic activities on marine environment in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China:a review and a case study. Regional Studies in Marine Science, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2016.01.004.
Zhang M, Rasiah R. 2013. Qingdao. Cities, 31:591-600.
Zhang Y S, Wu Y L, Zou J Z, Yu Z M, Pu X M. 2002. A red tide caused by diatom Eucampia zoodiacus in the Jiaozhou Bay. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 33(1):55-61. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao L, Wei H, Zhao J Z. 2002. Numerical study on water exchange in Jiaozhou bay. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 33(1):23-29. (in Chinese with English abstract)