Regional hard coral distribution within geomorphic and reef flat ecological zones determined by satellite imagery of the Xisha Islands, South China Sea -- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2017,35(3):501-514

	Cite this paper:
	ZUO Xiuling, SU Fenzhen, ZHAO Huanting, ZHANG Junjue, WANG Qi, WU Di. Regional hard coral distribution within geomorphic and reef flat ecological zones determined by satellite imagery of the Xisha Islands, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2017, 35(3): 501-514

Regional hard coral distribution within geomorphic and reef flat ecological zones determined by satellite imagery of the Xisha Islands, South China Sea

ZUO Xiuling^1,2,3, SU Fenzhen^1,2, ZHAO Huanting⁴, ZHANG Junjue^1,2,3, WANG Qi^1,2,3, WU Di⁵

1 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2 Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210093, China;
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
4 Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;
5 Key Laboratory of Hydrography and Cartography of PLA, Department of Hydrography and Cartography, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian 116018, China

Abstract:

Coral reefs in the Xisha Islands (also known as the Paracel Islands in English), South China Sea, have experienced dramatic declines in coral cover. However, the current regional scale hard coral distribution of geomorphic and ecological zones, essential for reefs management in the context of global warming and ocean acidification, is not well documented. We analyzed data from field surveys, Landsat-8 and GF-1 images to map the distribution of hard coral within geomorphic zones and reef flat ecological zones. In situ surveys conducted in June 2014 on nine reefs provided a complete picture of reef status with regard to live coral diversity, evenness of coral cover and reef health (live versus dead cover) for the Xisha Islands. Mean coral cover was 12.5% in 2014 and damaged reefs seemed to show signs of recovery. Coral cover in sheltered habitats such as lagoon patch reefs and biotic dense zones of reef flats was higher, but there were large regional differences and low diversity. In contrast, the more exposed reef slopes had high coral diversity, along with high and more equal distributions of coral cover. Mean hard coral cover of other zones was <10%. The total Xisha reef system was estimated to cover 1 060 km², and the emergent reefs covered ~787 km². Hard corals of emergent reefs were considered to cover 97 km². The biotic dense zone of the reef flat was a very common zone on all simple atolls, especially the broader northern reef flats. The total cover of live and dead coral can reach above 70% in this zone, showing an equilibrium between live and dead coral as opposed to coral and algae. This information regarding the spatial distribution of hard coral can support and inform the management of Xisha reef ecosystems.

Key words: coral reef|geomorphic zone|remote sensing|Xisha Islands|South China Sea

Received: 2015-11-20 Revised: 2016-01-27

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