Empirical ocean color algorithm for estimating particulate organic carbon in the South China Sea -- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2015,33(3):764-778

	Cite this paper:
	HU Shuibo, CAO Wenxi, WANG Guifen, XU Zhantang, ZHAO Wenjing, LIN Junfang, ZHOU Wen, YAO Linjie. Empirical ocean color algorithm for estimating particulate organic carbon in the South China Sea[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2015, 33(3): 764-778

Empirical ocean color algorithm for estimating particulate organic carbon in the South China Sea

HU Shuibo^1,2, CAO Wenxi¹, WANG Guifen^1,2, XU Zhantang¹, ZHAO Wenjing², LIN Junfang^1,2, ZHOU Wen¹, YAO Linjie^1,2

1 State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract:

We examined regional empirical equations for estimating the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the South China Sea. These algorithms are based on the direct relationships between POC and the blue-to-green band ratios of spectral remotely sensed reflectance, R_rs(λ_B)/R_rs(555). The best error statistics among the considered formulas were produced using the power function POC (mg/m³)=262.173 [R_rs(443)/R_rs(555)]^-0.940. This formula resulted in a small mean bias of approximately -2.52%, a normalized root mean square error of 31.1%, and a determination coefficient of 0.91. This regional empirical equation is different to the results of similar studies in other oceanic regions. Our validation results suggest that our regional empirical formula performs better than the global algorithm, in the South China Sea. The feasibility of this band ratio algorithm is primarily due to the relationship between POC and the green-toblue ratio of the particle absorption coefficient. Colored dissolved organic matter can be an important source of noise in the band ratio formula. Finally, we applied the empirical algorithm to investigate POC changes in the southwest of Luzon Strait.

Key words: particulate organic carbon (POC)|ocean color algorithm|South China Sea (SCS)|MODIS|remote sensing

Received: 2014-07-22 Revised: 2014-11-04

Tools

PDF (2158 KB) Free

Print this page

Add to favorites

Email this article to others

Authors

Articles by HU Shuibo

Articles by CAO Wenxi

Articles by WANG Guifen

Articles by XU Zhantang

Articles by ZHAO Wenjing

Articles by LIN Junfang

Articles by ZHOU Wen

Articles by YAO Linjie

References:
Allison D B, Stramski D, Mitchell B G. 2010. Empirical ocean color algorithms for estimating particulate organic carbon in the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 115 (C10), http:// dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006040.
Babin M, Stramski D, Ferrari G M, Claustre H, Bricaud A,Obolensky G, Hoepffner N. 2003. Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (C7), http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000882.
Bailey S W, Werdell P J. 2006. A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products.Remote Sens. Environ., 102 (1-2): 12-23.
Behrenfeld M J, Boss E, Siegel D A, Shea D M. 2005. Carbonbased ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19 (1), http:// dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002299.
Bishop J K B, Calvert S E, Soon M Y S. 1999. Spatial and temporal variability of POC in the northeast Subarctic Pacific. Deep Sea Res. Part II, 46 (11-12): 2 699-2 733.
Bricaud A, Babin M, Claustre H, Ras J, Ti鑓he F. 2010. Light absorption properties and absorption budget of Southeast Pacific waters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115 (C8), http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005517.
Cetinić I, Perry M J, Briggs N T, Kallin E, D'Asaro E A, Lee C M. 2012. Particulate organic carbon and inherent optical properties during 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment.Journal of Geophysical Research, 117 (C6), http://dx.doi. org/10.1029/2011JC007771.
Cui T W, Cao W X, Zhang J, Hao Y L, Yu Y G, Zu T T, Wang D X. 2013. Diurnal variability of ocean optical properties during a coastal algal bloom: implications for ocean colour remote sensing. Int. J. Remote Sens., 34 (23): 8 301-8 318.
Ducklow H W, Steinberg D K, Buesseler K O. 2001. Upper ocean carbon export and the biological pump.Oceanography, 14 (4): 50-58.
Farris A, Wimbush M. 1996. Wind-induced kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea. J. Oceanogr., 52 (6): 771-784.
Feely R A, Sabine C L, Lee K, Berelson W, Kleypas J, Fabry V J, Millero F J. 2004. Impact of anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO³ system in the oceans. Science, 305 (5682): 362-366.
Gardner W D, Richardson M J, Carlson C A, Hansell D,Mishonov A V. 2003. Determining true particulate organic carbon: bottles, pumps and methodologies. Deep Sea Res.Part II, 50 (3-4): 655-674.
Gernez P, Reynolds R A, Stramski D. 2014. Within-day variability of particulate organic carbon and remotesensing reflectance during a bloom of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Int. J. RemoteSens., 35 (2): 454-477.
Gordon H R, Ding K. 1992. Self-shading of in-water optical instruments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37 (3): 491-500.
Gordon H R, Brown O B, Jacobs M M. 1975. Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean. Appl. Opt., 14 (2): 417-427.
Grob C, Ulloa O, Claustre H, Huot Y, Alarcón G, Marie D. 2007. Contribution of picoplankton to the total particulate organic carbon concentration in the eastern South Pacific.Biogeosciences, 4 (5): 837-852.
Hooker S B, Rees N W, Aiken J. 2000. An objective methodology for identifying oceanic provinces. Prog.Oceanogr., 45 (3-4): 313-338.
Kishino M, Takahashi M, Okami N, Ichimura S. 1985.Estimation of the spectral absorption coefficients of phytoplankton in the sea. Bull. Mar. Sci., 37 (2): 634-642.
Liu A K, Hsu M K. 2004. Internal wave study in the South China Sea using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Int. J.Remote Sens., 25 (7-8): 1 261-1 264.
Loisel H, Bosc E, Stramski D, Oubelkheir K, Deschamps P Y. 2001. Seasonal variability of the backscattering coefficient in the Mediterranean Sea based on satellite SeaWiFS imagery. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28 (22): 4 203-4 206.
Longhurst A R. 1991. Role of the marine biosphere in the global carbon cycle. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36 (8): 1 507-1 526.
Mishonov A V, Gardner W D, Jo Richardson M. 2003. Remote sensing and surface POC concentration in the South Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. Part II, 50 (22-26): 2 997-3 015.
Montagnes D J S, Berges J A, Harrison P J, Taylor F J R. 1994.Estimating carbon, nitrogen, protein, and chlorophyll a from volume in marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39 (5): 1 044-1 060.
Moran S B, Charette M A, Pike S M, Wicklund C A. 1999.Differences in seawater particulate organic carbon concentration in samples collected using small-and largevolume methods: the importance of DOC adsorption to the filter blank. Mar. Chem., 67 (1-2): 33-42.
Morel A. 1988. Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case I waters). Journal of Geophysical Research, 93 (C9): 10 749-10 768.
O'Reilly J E, Maritorena S, Mitchell B G, Siegel D A, Carder K L, Garver S A, Kahru M, McClain C. 1998. Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (C11): 24 937-24 953.
Pabi S, Arrigo K R. 2006. Satellite estimation of marine particulate organic carbon in waters dominated by different phytoplankton taxa. J. Geophys. Res., 111 (C9), http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003137.
Roesler C S. 1998. Theoretical and experimental approaches to improve the accuracy of particulate absorption coefficients derived from the quantitative filter technique. Limnol.Oceanogr., 43 (7): 1 649-1 660.
Shang S L, Li L, Li J, Li Y H, Lin G, Sun J. 2012. Phytoplankton bloom during the northeast monsoon in the Luzon Strait bordering the Kuroshio. Remote Sens. Environ., 124 : 38-48.
Sokal R R, Rohlf F J. 1995. Biometry: the Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research. 3 rd edn. WH Freeman and Company, New York, USA. 887p.
Son Y B, Gardner W D, Mishonov A V, Richardson M J. 2009.Multispectral remote-sensing algorithms for particulate organic carbon (POC): the Gulf of Mexico. Remote Sens.Environ., 113 (1): 50-61.
Stramska M. 2009. Particulate organic carbon in the global ocean derived from SeaWiFS ocean color. Deep Sea Res.Part I, 56 (9): 1 459-1 470.
Stramska M, Stramski D. 2005. Variability of particulate organic carbon concentration in the north polar Atlantic based on ocean color observations with Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). J. Geophys. Res., 110 (C10), http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002762.
Stramski D, Reynolds R A, Kahru M, Mitchell B G. 1999.Estimation of particulate organic carbon in the ocean from satellite remote sensing. Science, 285 (5425): 239-242.
Stramski D, Reynolds R A, Babin M, Kaczmarek S, Lewis M R, Röttgers R, Sciandra A, Stramska M, Twardowski M S,Franz B A, Claustre H. 2008. Relationships between the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon and optical properties in the eastern South Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans. Biogeosciences, 5 (1): 171-201.
Verity P G, Robertson C Y, Tronzo C R, Andrews M G, Nelson J R, Sieracki M E. 1992. Relationships between cell volume and the carbon and nitrogen content of marine photosynthetic nanoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37 (7): 1 434-1 446.
Wang G F, Cao W X, Xu D Z, Yang Y Z. 2007. Variability of phytoplankton absorption in the northern South China Sea: influence of the size structure and pigment composition of algal populations. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26 (2): 12-25.
Wang G F, Zhou W, Cao W X, Yin J P, Yang Y Z, Sun Z H,Zhang Y, Zhao J. 2011. Variation of particulate organic carbon and its relationship with bio-optical properties during a phytoplankton bloom in the Pearl River estuary.Mar. Pollut. Bull., 62 (9): 1 939-1 947.
Wang J J, Tang D L, Sui Y. 2010. Winter phytoplankton bloom induced by subsurface upwelling and mixed layer entrainment southwest of Luzon Strait. Journal of Marine Systems, 83 (3-4): 141-149.
Wu C R, Chiang T L. 2007. Mesoscale eddies in the northern South China Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part II, 54 (14-15): 1 575-1 588.
Zhao J, Cao W X, Yang Y Z, Wang G F, Zhou W, Sun Z H. 2008. Measuring natural phytoplankton fluorescence and biomass: a case study of algal bloom in the Pearl River estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 56 (10): 1 795-1 801.
Zhao W J, Wang G Q, Cao W X, Cui T W, Wang G F, Ling J F,Sun L, Zhou W, Sun Z F, Xu Z T, Hu S B. 2014. Assessment of SeaWiFS, MODIS, and MERIS ocean colour products in the South China Sea. Int. J. Remote Sens., 35 ( 11-12): 4 252-4 274.