Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Article Information
- ZHU Chuankun(朱传坤), PAN Zhengjun(潘正军), WANG Hui(王辉), CHANG Guoliang(常国亮), DING Huaiyu(丁怀宇)
- A novel male-associated marker for sex identification in Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis
- Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36(3): 850-852
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-6342-3
Article History
- Received Jan. 13, 2017
- accepted in principle Feb. 27, 2017
- accepted for publication Apr. 25, 2017
2 Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
Significant sexual dimorphisms, especially on growth rate and body size have been reported in many fishes (Kobayashi et al., 2012; Mei and Gui, 2015). However, in most fishes it is difficult to identify male and female fry morphologically (Kobayashi et al., 2012). Recently, molecular markers have been proved to be efficient for sex identification and successfully used in many fishes (Wang et al., 2009, 2013; Dan et al., 2013; Agawa et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016).
Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (Siluriformes: Bagridae), which distributes from the Heilongjiang River to the Zhujiang (Pearl) River (Chu et al., 1999) in China, is a promising aquaculture species with growth rate of males being 3 times faster than that of females (Pan et al., 2015). However, its natural resources have sharply declined in recent years because of human activities (Tao et al., 2012). In our previous study, a male-specific SCAR (sequence characterized amplified regions) marker has been isolated using the AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) genotyping method (Pan et al., 2015). In this study, we intended to develop reliable sexassociated markers from a different approach which was to screen these markers from a newly-constructed microsatellite library of our laboratory (Zhu et al., 2017). This study will enrich the types and number of sex-associated markers which would increase the reliability and accuracy of sex identification in P. ussuriensis, meanwhile, provide useful tools for allmale breeding, aquaculture management and natural resource conservation in this fish.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODTotally, 185 individuals of P. ussuriensis containing 95 females and 90 males identified by examination of gonads were collected from the Huai'an Fisheries Technical Guidance Station. Fin clips were sampled and stored in anhydrous ethanol at 4℃ until DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted following the phenol-chloroform protocol (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Qualities of DNA samples were tested by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and concentrations were measured using a Nanodrop 2000 UV spectrophotometer (Thermo, USA).
A total of 61 markers developed from an enriched microsatellite library in our previous study (Zhu et al., 2017) were applied to screen sex-associated markers using 5 male and 5 female individuals. Candidate markers were further confirmed in the remaining 90 females and 85 males. PCR was performed in a reaction mixture of 12.5 μL, which contained 1.3 μL of 10×reaction buffer, 0.5 μL of dNTP (2.5 mmol/L), 50 ng of template DNA, 0.5 μL of forward and reverse primer mix (2.5 μmol/L), 1 U of Taq polymerase (CWBIO, China) and 9.2 μL sterile water. All reactions were performed by a 96 well thermal cycler (T100, BioRad) following this program: an initial denaturation at 95℃ for 5 min, followed by 36 cycles of denaturation at 95℃ for 45 s, annealing at optimal temperature for 45 s, extension at 72℃ for 50 s, and a final extension at 72℃ for 8 min. PCR amplicons were separated through electrophoresis in 10% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels and visualized using ethidium bromide (EB) staining with the pBR322/MspI DNA marker (TianGen, China) being applied as the standard DNA ladder.
In order to obtain their sequence information, sexspecific loci were cloned and sequenced. Briefly, confirmed potential sex-associated markers were amplified in a male and female respectively, and products were separated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. Then target fragments were retrieved and purified using the Gel Extraction Kit (CWBIO, China). Purified PCR products were ligated to the PMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Japan) and translated into DH5α competent cells. Plasmids of positive clones were extracted and sequenced in I-congene Biological Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONOut of the 61 screened microsatellites, one marker named PuGT54 (GenBank accession number: KX809660; annealing temperature: 54℃) with forward and reverse primer sequences of 5′-ACGGCGAAAGGTGAGTAGC-3′ and 5′-TTTGAGAGCACACGCAGGT-3′, respectively, was a potential male-specific marker. The band pattern of this marker showed that in females only one locus was amplified, while in males an additional specific locus was also amplified. Then this marker were further examined in the remaining 90 female and 85 male individuals, and the results displayed that all males had a specific band comparing to females (Fig. 1), indicating the confirmation of this sex-associated marker. Compared to the male-specific marker developed in our previous study (Pan et al., 2015), this marker could amplify a common locus shared by both males and females, therefore, inaccurate identification of false-positive females caused by emergence of null allele in males could be avoided.
Then the male-specific locus was cloned and sequenced, which was 118 base pairs (bp) in length. While comparing to the common locus shared by both sexes, the male-specific locus was 12 bp shorter which was 6 times of the core repeat unit (CA), while nucleotide differences in flanking sequence were not detected (Fig. 2). Orthologous sequences of this fragment were searched in the GenBank through BLASTn, however, no informative blast hits were detected. Moreover, one of our previous studies has reported a male-specific marker and extended it by genome walking (Pan et al., 2015), and native BLAST was performed throughout this sequence, but the result showed that the male-specific locus developed in this study did not belong to it. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the location in chromosomes and function of this male-specific locus.
In fact, as the sex determination mechanism is quite complex in fish (Gui, 2007), although sexspecific markers have been reported in many fish species, detailed information of most markers was still unclear at the present time (Agawa et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2015). In spite of this, sex-specific markers are still useful tools in ecology and conservation studies of fishes. The marker developed in this study will be useful for sex ratio determination of natural populations of P. ussuriensis in which sexes of individuals were hard to identify morphologically. Furthermore, through combining usage of this marker and the previous SCAR marker, the reliability and accuracy of sex identification will be increased and would be helpful in the management of artificial breeding especially all-male breeding of this species.
4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors thank TONG Jingou, YU Xiaomu, WU Nan, ZHOU Fengjian, YU Xiangsheng, QIANG Xiaogang, and JIANG Gongcheng for technical assistance and sample collection.
Agawa Y, Iwaki M, Komiya T, Honryo T, Tamura K, Okada T, Yagishita N, Kobayashi T, Sawada Y. 2015. Identification of male sex-linked DNA sequence of the cultured Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. Fish. Sci., 81(1): 113-121. DOI:10.1007/s12562-014-0833-8 |
Chu X L, Zheng B S, Dai D Y. 1999. Fauna Sinica:Osteichthyes.Siluriformes. Science Press, Beijing, China. p.60.
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Dan C, Mei J, Wang D, Gui J F. 2013. Genetic differentiation and efficient sex-specific marker development of a pair of Y-and X-linked markers in yellow catfish. Int. J. Biol.Sci., 9(10): 1043-1049. DOI:10.7150/ijbs.7203 |
Gui J F. 2007. Genetic Basis and Artificial Control of Sexuality and Reproduction in Fish. Science Press, Beijing, China.
|
Kobayashi Y, Nagahama Y, Nakamura M. 2012. Diversity and plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in fishes. Sex. Dev., 7(1-3): 115-125. |
Mei J, Gui J F. 2015. Genetic basis and biotechnological manipulation of sexual dimorphism and sex determination in fish. Sci. China Life Sci., 58(2): 124-136. DOI:10.1007/s11427-014-4797-9 |
Pan Z J, Li X Y, Zhou F J, Qiang X G, Gui J F. 2015. Identification of sex-specific markers reveals male heterogametic sex determination in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. Mar. Biotechnol., 17(4): 441-451. DOI:10.1007/s10126-015-9631-2 |
Sambrook J, Russell D W. 2001. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
|
Tao G, Ma Z H, Zhang Q H, Zhang C, Wan Q. 2012. Preliminary study on artificial breeding of Pseudobagras ussuriensis. Fish. Sci. Technol. Inform., 39(4): 174-178. |
Wang D, Mao H L, Chen H X, Liu H Q, Gui J F. 2009. Isolation of Y-and X-linked SCAR markers in yellow catfish and application in the production of all-male populations. Anim. Genet., 40(6): 978-981. DOI:10.1111/age.2009.40.issue-6 |
Wang X B, Jiang J J, Gao J N, Liu J X, Qi J, Wang Z G, Yu H Y, Zhang Q Q. 2013. Identification of two novel femalespecific DNA sequences in half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis. Aquaculture, 388-391: 49-53. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.024 |
Xu D D, Lou B, Li S L, Sun X X, Zhan W, Chen R Y, Mao G M. 2015. A novel sex-linked microsatellite marker for molecular sexing in rock bream fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 62: 66-68. DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.028 |
Zhang J, Ma W G, Wang W M, Gui J F, Mei J. 2016. Parentage determination of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)based on microsatellite DNA markers. Aquacult. Int., 24(2): 567-576. DOI:10.1007/s10499-015-9947-y |
Zhu C K, Pan Z J, Wang H, Wu N, Chang G L, Ding H Y, Zhou F J. 2017. Construction and analysis of an enriched microsatellite library in Pseudobagras ussuriensis. Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica, 41(2): 473-478. |
Agawa Y, Iwaki M, Komiya T, Honryo T, Tamura K, Okada T, Yagishita N, Kobayashi T, Sawada Y, 2015. Identification of male sex-linked DNA sequence of the cultured Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis. Fish. Sci., 81(1): 113–121. Doi: 10.1007/s12562-014-0833-8 |
Chu X L, Zheng B S, Dai D Y, 1999. Fauna Sinica:Osteichthyes.Siluriformes. Science Press, Beijing, Chinap.60. |
Dan C, Mei J, Wang D, Gui J F, 2013. Genetic differentiation and efficient sex-specific marker development of a pair of Y-and X-linked markers in yellow catfish. Int. J. Biol.Sci., 9(10): 1043–1049. Doi: 10.7150/ijbs.7203 |
Gui J F, 2007. Genetic Basis and Artificial Control of Sexuality and Reproduction in Fish. Science Press, Beijing, China. |
Kobayashi Y, Nagahama Y, Nakamura M, 2012. Diversity and plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in fishes. Sex. Dev., 7(1-3): 115–125. |
Mei J, Gui J F, 2015. Genetic basis and biotechnological manipulation of sexual dimorphism and sex determination in fish. Sci. China Life Sci., 58(2): 124–136. Doi: 10.1007/s11427-014-4797-9 |
Pan Z J, Li X Y, Zhou F J, Qiang X G, Gui J F, 2015. Identification of sex-specific markers reveals male heterogametic sex determination in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. Mar. Biotechnol., 17(4): 441–451. Doi: 10.1007/s10126-015-9631-2 |
Sambrook J, Russell D W. 2001. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. |
Tao G, Ma Z H, Zhang Q H, Zhang C, Wan Q, 2012. Preliminary study on artificial breeding of Pseudobagras ussuriensis. Fish. Sci. Technol. Inform., 39(4): 174–178. |
Wang D, Mao H L, Chen H X, Liu H Q, Gui J F, 2009. Isolation of Y-and X-linked SCAR markers in yellow catfish and application in the production of all-male populations. Anim. Genet., 40(6): 978–981. Doi: 10.1111/age.2009.40.issue-6 |
Wang X B, Jiang J J, Gao J N, Liu J X, Qi J, Wang Z G, Yu H Y, Zhang Q Q, 2013. Identification of two novel femalespecific DNA sequences in half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis. Aquaculture, 388-391: 49–53. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.024 |
Xu D D, Lou B, Li S L, Sun X X, Zhan W, Chen R Y, Mao G M, 2015. A novel sex-linked microsatellite marker for molecular sexing in rock bream fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 62: 66–68. Doi: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.028 |
Zhang J, Ma W G, Wang W M, Gui J F, Mei J, 2016. Parentage determination of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)based on microsatellite DNA markers. Aquacult. Int., 24(2): 567–576. Doi: 10.1007/s10499-015-9947-y |
Zhu C K, Pan Z J, Wang H, Wu N, Chang G L, Ding H Y, Zhou F J, 2017. Construction and analysis of an enriched microsatellite library in Pseudobagras ussuriensis. Acta Hydrobiol. Sinica, 41(2): 473–478. |