Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology   2018, Vol. 36 issue(3): 1002-1012     PDF       
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-7049-1
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Article Information

JIANG Yan(姜燕), ZHANG Zheng(张正), WANG Yingeng(王印庚), JING Yayun(景亚运), LIAO Meijie(廖梅杰), RONG Xiaojun(荣小军), LI Bin(李彬), CHEN Guiping(陈贵平), ZHANG Hesen(张和森)
Effects of probiotic on microfloral structure of live feed used in larval breeding of turbot Scophthalmus maximus
Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36(3): 1002-1012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-7049-1

Article History

Received Feb. 22, 2017
accepted in principle Mar. 10, 2017
accepted for publication Apr. 20, 2017
Effects of probiotic on microfloral structure of live feed used in larval breeding of turbot Scophthalmus maximus
JIANG Yan(姜燕)1, ZHANG Zheng(张正)1, WANG Yingeng(王印庚)1, JING Yayun(景亚运)1, LIAO Meijie(廖梅杰)1, RONG Xiaojun(荣小军)1, LI Bin(李彬)1, CHEN Guiping(陈贵平)1, ZHANG Hesen(张和森)2     
1 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China;
2 Qingdao General Aquatic Co. Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
Abstract: The effects of an exogenous probiotic (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) on microbial community structure of Branchionus plicatils and Artemia sinica were evaluated in this study during turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larval breeding. The analysis and comparison of the microfloral composition of live feed with probiotic was conducted using the Illumina HiSeq PE250. The abundance of microbial species and diversity of microflora in live feed with B. amyloliquefaciens were higher than those in the control. The microfloral composition was similar among the three replicate experimental groups of B. plicatils compared with the control after enrichment. Lactococcus, Pseudoalteromonas, and Alteromonas were always dominant. Additionally, some other bacterial species became dominant during the enrichment process. The microbial community during nutrient enrichment of A. sinica was rather similar among the three control replicates. Relative abundance of Cobetia sp., the most dominant species, was 54%-65.2%. Similarity in the microbial community was still high after adding B. amyloliquefaciens. Furthermore, Pseudoalteromonas and Alteromonas replaced Cobetia as the dominant species, and the abundance of Cobetia decreased to 4.3%-25.3%. Mean common ratios at the operational taxonomic unit level were 50%-60% between the two B. plicatils and A. sinica treatments. Therefore, the microbial community structure changed after adding B. amyloliquefaciens during nutrient enrichment of B. plicatils or A. sinica and tended to stabilize. Additionally, the abundance of Vibrio in any kind of live feed was not significantly different from that in the control. These results will help improve the microflora of B. plicatils and A. sinica and can be used to understand the multiple-level transfer role of probiotic species among probiotic products, microflora of live feed, and fish larvae.
Keywords: Branchionus plicatils     Artemia sinica     microfloral structure     Bacillus amyloliquefaciens     Scophthalmus maximus     larval breeding    
1 INTRODUCTION

Rotifers and Artemia are important live feed when breeding marine species, such as fish (Carnevali et al., 2004; Bakke et al., 2013; Skjermo et al., 2015), shrimp (Silva et al., 2012; Jamali et al., 2015), and crab (Sulkin and Epifanio, 1975; Ruscoe et al., 2004), because of their natural, nutritional, and operational advantages. Studies have confirmed that rotifers and Artemia are optimal vectors to deliver nutrient substances, vaccines, and probiotics to improve the nutritional value of cultured animals and their response to disease after specific enrichment (Gatesoupe, 1991, 1994; Campbell et al., 1993; Immanuel et al., 2007; Palma et al., 2011).

Branchionus plicatils is often used as first feed for aquatic larvae and brings various bacteria that can directly affect the health of larvae. Suitable drugs are usually added during traditional nutrient enrichment to improve survival rate and reduce the chances of the host becoming infected by bacteria (Martínez-Díaz et al., 2003; Battaglene et al., 2006). Similarly, drugs are used to insure quality and quantity during Artemia nutrient enrichment (Defoirdt et al., 2007; Asok et al., 2012). However, some other drugs can affect the balance of the larval microbial community structure by interfering with propagation of normal microflora (Gatesoupe, 2002; Suga et al., 2011) and cause some undesired changes in pathogenic bacteria, such as bacterial resistance (Smith et al., 1994; Subasinghe, 1997; Verschuere et al., 2000a; Huys et al., 2007; Allameh et al., 2016). Additionally, drug residues are a significant disadvantage for long-term use and could seriously affect marine food safety.

Chemical drug abuse is a serious food safety issue. However, probiotics can inhibit reproduction of pathogenic bacteria (Shiri Harzevili et al., 1998; Verschuere et al., 2000b), and eliminate residues, toxins, and side effects. Therefore, probiotics are an important tool to prevent and control disease and improve disease resistance, the immune response, and nutrient supply (Díaz-Rosales et al., 2006; Kim and Austin, 2006; Gatesoupe, 2008; Nayak, 2010; Wu et al., 2015). Studies have reported that live feed might prevent pathogenic bacteria from reproducing, such as short soaking with a high concentration of Bacillus before feeding, to increase the growth and survival rates of grouper larvae (Sun et al., 2013).

In other reports, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been suggested as a potential probiotic in aquaculture to protect aquatic animals from diseases caused by Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and V. harveyi (Cao et al., 2011; Das et al., 2013). Research on the microflora structure of B. plicatils and A. sinica has not been conducted. Thus, the multiple-level transfer role of probiotic species among probiotic products, microflora of live feed, and fish larvae remains unclear. In the present study, B. amyloliquefaciens was added during processing of B. plicatils or A. sinica for artificial nutrient enrichment. The changes in microbial community structure were first investigated to analyze the effects of the probiotic on the microflora of live feed used for turbot larvae. The results will provide a theoretical guide for using probiotics in turbot larval breeding and farming.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1 Preparation of probiotic strain

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was stored in our lab and isolated from the intestinal tract of healthy turbot by Fan (2010) through morphological observations, hemolytic testing, physiological and biochemical testing, and molecular biological identification. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is effective at inhibiting the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in vitro, such as V. anguillarum, V. archariae, and V. scophthalmi (Fan, 2010). No pathological change or death occurred when the turbot were fed a diet that included 109 cfu/g B. amyloliquefaciens.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was cultured in trypticase soy broth (TSB) medium at 30℃ for 1 d. Salt (2%) was added to the TSB during culture of the probiotic strain. Single colonies were then selected from solid medium, added to one liquid culture, and placed in a vibrating culture box at 180 r/min for 10 h. The B. amyloliquefaciens concentration was 109 cfu/ mL, and the suspension was later used as a nutrient enhancement for live feed.

2.2 Introducing the probiotic and sampling

Branchionus plicatils underwent nutrient enrichment immediately after being purchased each day. B. amyloliquefaciens was added to the tank where B. plicatils had been cultured for 2 h. This process was continued for 6 h, and the B. plicatils was collected as live feed for turbot larvae. Artemia sinica eggs were bought and hatched as required each day. Nutrient enrichment was carried out after hatching and the probiotic was added at the same for 6 h. The initial concentration of probiotic was 106–107 cfu/mL in the experimental B. plicatils and A. sinica tanks. Additionally, a broad-spectrum antibiotic (5 mg/L enrofloxacin) was added to the control to insure survival and quality of the turbot larvae. All other nutrient additives to the experimental and control groups were the same.

Branchionus plicatils was sampled on days 3, 7, and 13 of turbot larval development. These three samples were obtained in parallel. Similarly, three parallel A. sinica samples were obtained on days 13, 21, and 27. After enrichment, the samples in each group were gathered through filtered sterile gauze, washed three times in sterile seawater, and stored in liquid nitrogen..

Suitable drugs are usually added during nutrient enrichment of B. plicatils and A. sinica to ensure their quality and quantity (Martínez-Díaz et al., 2003; Battaglene et al., 2006; Defoirdt et al., 2007; Asok et al., 2012). Enrofloxacin was employed under the large-scale production condition for this artificial breeding trial in a turbot hatchery. Hence, B. plicatils or A. sinica with enrofloxacin was considered the control. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was added without the drug during enrichment as the experimental group to compare the pathogen inhibiting effect. Then, the effects of B. amyloliquefaciens on B. plicatils and A. sinica microfloral structures were analyzed by comparing these two groups.

2.3 DNA extraction and sequencing

Total DNA of each sample was extracted with the E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The V3 and V4 regions of 16S rDNA were amplified through polymerase chain reaction with primers: 341F (5′-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3′) and 806R (3′-GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-5′). High-throughput sequencing was accomplished with the Illumina HiSeq PE250 after the amplified DNA had been successfully detected via agarose gel electrophoresis.

2.4 Data analysis

Sequencing data were processed by splitting, splicing, filtering, and extracting before obtaining effective tags. Then, all effective tags of all samples were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with Uparse v7.0.1001 (Caporaso et al., 2010) based on a sequencing identity of 97%. The OTU sequences were classified and analyzed with RDP Classifer 2.2 (Edgar, 2013) and GreenGene bank (Edgar et al., 2011) with a threshold of 0.8–1.0.

Student's t-test was used to examine significant differences between the experimental and control groups. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Values are given as mean±standard error.

3 RESULT

Raw data were obtained from six samples of either B. plicatilis or A. sinica using the Illumina HiSeq PE250. After processing, 263 596 effective tags used in later analysis were gained in B. plicatilis and 260 446 in A. sinica. The samples averaged 43 933 effective tags in B. plicatilis and 43 408 in A. sinica.

3.1 Abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and the Shannon diversity index

ACE is used to estimate the abundance of a microbial species in ecology, whereas the Shannon diversity index expresses microfloral diversity. The ACE and Shannon indices of the microflora in B. plicatilis are expressed in Fig. 1. The ACE and Shannon indices in the experimental group were 383.09–431.10 and 4.28–4.90 and 254.84–410.08 and 4.12–4.30 in the control, respectively. Abundance of species and diversity in the B. plicatilis experimental group were better than those in the control.

Figure 1 Abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and the Shannon diversity index of the B. plicatilis microflora

The changes in the ACE and Shannon indices are shown in Fig. 2 between the control and experimental groups for A. sinica. The ACE and Shannon indices in the experimental group were 373.41–483.16 and 3.47–4.53 and 222.31–518.86 and 2.40–3.10 in the control, respectively. The ACEs were higher in the experimental group compared with the control, except on day 21. Changes in the Shannon index between the experimental groups for A. sinica and the control were similar to those in B. plicatilis. Abundance of microbial species and diversity of microflora were all superior to those in the control.

Figure 2 Abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and the Shannon diversity index of the A. sinica microflora
3.2 Changes in the microfloral composition of live feed

The top-ten OTUs of each B. plicatilis sample are represented by different colors in Fig. 3. The sum of the relative abundances of OTU 8, OTU 150, OTU 254, OTU 124, and OTU 107 according to descending order was 0.603 in the control on day 3. The sum of the abundances of OTU 934, OTU 247, OTU 8, and OTU 526 was 0.598 on day 7, whereas the sum of OTU 247, OTU 254, OTU 8, OTU 124, and OTU 934 was 0.622 on day 13. Only OTU 8 was a common dominant species among the three control samples, and the microfloral structure had no uniformity. However, the abundances of OTU 8, OTU 459, OTU 340, OTU 512, OTU 150, OTU 170, OTU 124, and OTU 122 were much higher in the experimental groups than other OTUs, and their sum was 0.604 on day 3. The sum of OTU 8, OTU 340, OTU 124, OTU741, OTU 459, OTU 150, and OTU 934 was 0.625 on day 7, and the sum of OTU 247, OTU 459, OTU 8, OTU 513, OTU 254, OTU340, and OTU 741 was 0.623 on day 13. OTU 8, OTU 459 and OTU 340 were always dominant in the three experimental groups compared with the control. Additionally, significant differences were observed in OTU 459 and OTU 340 between the control and experimental groups (P < 0.05) (Fig. 5).

Figure 3 The microbial structure of B. plicatilis in the different treatments Experimental group represented by E, and control represented by C. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) included in each bar are the top-ten OTUs in each sample.
Figure 5 Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with significant differences in B. plicatilis between the control and experimental groups Error bars represent standard errors of three replicates (P < 0.05).

The distribution of the top-ten OTUs in A. sinica is presented in Fig. 4. OTU 484 in the control was the first dominant species with abundances of 0.540– 0.652. OTU 8, OTU 124, and OTU 150 were according to descending order; the sums of these three were 0.160, 0.225, and 0.217 on days 13, 21, and 27, respectively. The microbial community composition was extremely similar in the control on the three sampling days. The abundances of OTU 484 and OTU 8 decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control, and the sums of these two OTUs were only 0.112, 0.308, and 0.143 on days 13, 21, and 27, respectively. The abundances of OTU 459 and OTU 340 increased significantly in the experimental groups, and the sums of these two OTUs were 0.409, 0.423, and 0.263 on days 13, 21, and 27, respectively. OTU 459, OTU 340, OTU 484, and OTU 8 were always dominant in the three experimental groups. OTU 340, OTU 459, OTU 17, OTU 150, OTU 8, and OTU 484 were significantly different between the control and experimental groups (P < 0.05) (Fig. 6). In sum, clear differences in microbial community structure were observed between the control and experimental groups.

Figure 4 The microbial structure of A. sinica in the different treatments Experimental group represented by E and control represented by C. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) included in each bar are the top-ten OTUs in each sample.
Figure 6 Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with significant differences in A. sinica between the control and experimental groups Error bars represent standard errors of three replicates (P < 0.05).
3.3 Bate diversity

Similarity of the B. plicatilis microbial community structure among the tested groups is shown in Fig. 7 through the distance between two points. Each point on the principal components analysis (PCA) plot represents a relative sample, in which PC1 and PC2 are the top-two principal components in terms of OTU level. The percentages of PC1 and PC2 were 44.8% and 27.1%, respectively. Any one of the three samples in the experimental or control groups was relatively far from the others. Distances between C3 and E3, C7 and E7, and C13 and E13 were greater, suggesting that the microflora composition had obviously changed between the control and experimental groups.

Figure 7 Principal components analysis (PCA) based on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level in B. plicatilis C3, C7, and C13 were three parallel samples in the control taken on days 3, 7, and 13 during turbot larval development, whereas E3, E7, and E13 correspond to the experimental groups.

The percentage of PC1 was 88% and much higher than PC2 (9.3%); therefore, PC1 was the deciding factor when analyzing the distance (Fig. 8). The distance between any two of the three samples in the experimental or control groups was close to the PC1 axis. However, E13, E21, and E27 were farther from C13, C21, and C27, respectively. For the same reason, A. sinica microbial community composition were distinctly different in the experimental groups from those in the control.

Figure 8 Principal components analysis (PCA) based on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level in A. sinica C13, C21 and C27 were three parallel samples in the control taken on days 13, 21, and 27 during turbot larval development, whereas E13, E21, and E27 correspond to the experimental groups.
3.4 Microflora composition analysis

Analyses of the same OTUs in B. plicatilis were carried out to determine the composition of the microbial community between the control and experimental groups (Fig. 9). The average number of observed OTUs in the experimental group was higher than the control. The experimental groups with 56.31% OTUs were the same as those in the control based on average.

Figure 9 Branchionus plicatilis microfloral similarity analysis between the two different treatments based on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level

A total of 356 OTUs was observed in the A. sinica experimental groups, which was higher than the 348 in the control (Fig. 10). The average common ratio was 52.49% between the control and experimental groups.

Figure 10 Artemia sinica microfloral similarity analysis between the two different treatments based on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level
3.5 Dominant OTUs

The major OTUs (abundance > 0.01) in B. plicatilis and the relative classification in GreenGene bank are shown in Table 1. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the main taxa but most of the OTUs belonged to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria were dominant at the class level. Furthermore, Lactococcus, Salinivibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, and Pseudomonas were the major genera. Additionally, Vibrio containing OTU741 was not different between the two groups (P > 0.05) in B. plicatilis (Table 1, Fig. 5).

Table 1 Classified information of dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in B. plicatilis

The main OTUs (abundance > 0.01) in A. sinica were classified according to GreenGene bank (Table 2). Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the two main phyla with dominant OTUs, and Cobetia, Pseudoalteromonas, and Lactococcus were the main genera. Similarly, no difference in Vibrio was observed between the control and A. sinica experimental groups (Table 2 and Fig. 6; P > 0.05).

Table 2 Classified information of dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in A. sinica
4 DISCUSSION

High-throughput sequencing has been developed from toxicological and pharmacological studies and clinical testing to reveal results on nutrition, drug resistance of bacteria and the safety of animal products (Chambers and Gong, 2011; Diaz-Sanchez et al., 2013; Fang et al., 2015). The applications of highthroughput sequencing extend into various large fields with the development of bioinformatics. Based on bioinformatics analysis, the use of high-throughput sequencing in aquaculture and microfloral research has been increasing in recent years (Wang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014). Traditional bacterial culture methods are limited when studying microbial community structure and do not fully reflect the total number of bacteria and species composition in an aquaculture system. Only a few bacteria, such as Aeromonas, Pseudomnas, and Vibrio, can be detected through traditional cultural methods (Planas et al., 2006; Shi et al., 2015). However, high-throughput sequencing is able detect all microbes. In this study, Lactococcus, Exiguobacterium, Solibacillus, Salinivibrio, Marinomonas, Cupriavidus, Tenacibaculum, Zobellia, and Cobetia were identified by highthroughput sequencing, and the diversity of species in live feed was realized and compared with the traditional cultural method. Hence, the results fully and accurately reflected the microbial community structure in the aquaculture system.

The ACE and Shannon diversity indices of B. plicatilis and A. sinica were higher in the experimental groups compared with the control, suggesting that adding B. amyloliquefaciens during the enrichment process increased microbial species abundance and diversity. The results show that the microflora of B. plicatilis was different on each sampling day, although the hatching technique was the same. Therefore, obvious differences were detected in the dominant OTUs among the three replicates of the control, whereas the experimental groups revealed similar microflora among the three replicates. The reason might be that the reproductive capacity of more microbial species was inhibited by B. amyloliquefaciens. B. amyloliquefaciens became the dominant species in B. plicatilis with no competition, such as OTU 459 and OTU 340. These results all indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens had better effects on the adaptability and unification of microbial community structure compared with drugs. The A. sinica microbial community composition among the three replicates in the control was close because larvae came from the same egg batch and hatching technique. Similar microbial structures were obtained among the three replicates of the experimental groups. After adding B. amyloliquefaciens, OTU 459 and OTU 340 grew rapidly and became dominant species, but replication of OTU 484, OTU 150, OTU 8, and OTU 17 was significantly inhibited. It is possible that survival or competition among adhesive sites occurred between these two OTUs. B. amyloliquefaciens is thought to be the only factor that changed and unified the A. sinica microfloral structure. Common ratios between the experimental and control groups for B. plicatilis and A. sinica were < 60%, suggesting that B. amyloliquefaciens changed the microbial community composition. A previous study reported that probiotics improve rotifer microflora through the initial method (Gianelli et al., 1997). Similarly, microbial community structure of the intestine of cultured fish changes after adding a probiotic (Bergh et al., 1994; Huys et al., 2001). The reaction of microflora in the turbot larval intestinal tract to B. amyloliquefaciens will be analyzed and reported in another study.

Vibrio is regarded as a major pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. However, V. alginolyticus and V. anguillarum have been detected in healthy B. plicatilis and Artemia (Munro et al., 1995; Villamil et al., 2003). Several studies have also suggested that vibrios are common bacteria during live feed nutrient enrichment and turbot larval rearing (Gatesoupe, 1990; Villamil et al., 2003). In this study, although Vibrio (OTU 741) was the major microbe in the two live feeds and abundance in the experimental groups was higher than the control, there were no significant differences between them, indicating that the inhibitory effects of B. amyloliquefaciens and the antibiotic on vibrios were quite similar. Some other studies have also reported that Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus casei protect Artemia from the pathogenic effects of V. alginolyticus (Lamari et al., 2014; Garcés et al., 2015) and Lactococcus lactis inhibits V. anguillarum in B. plicatils (Shiri Harzevili et al., 1998). Hence, it is possible that B. amyloliquefaciens replaced the antibiotic and prevented pathogenic bacteria from reproducing during B. plicatilis and A. sinica nutrient enrichment, which agrees with other studies (Defoirdt et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2015).

Lactococcus was a dominant genus in B. plicatilis or A. sinica, and no Lactococcus sp. are pathogenic, except L. garvieae (Hoshina et al., 1958; Chen et al., 2001, 2002). However, L. garvieae has been found in the intestinal tract of fish without any apparent disease symptoms (Cai et al., 1998). Therefore, Lactococcus probably did not adversely affect the health of these two live feeds. Additionally, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, and Alteromonas were the other major species in this study, and their abundances were all higher in the experimental groups than in the control. However, some representative species in these genera are pathogenic or are conditioned pathogens in aquaculture (Ferguson et al., 2004; Garnier et al., 2007; Hjelm et al., 2004; Magi et al., 2009). Probiotics promote the growth of some microbes by inhibiting survival of their competitors, which was suggested by the changes in relative abundances in this study. However, one probiotic will not protect all live feed from infections by all pathogenic bacteria. Various probiotics work with each other. Therefore, selecting a probiotic formula with a focus on disease control and prevention is important.

5 CONCLUSION

In summary, B. amyloliquefaciens was added during nutrient enrichment and clearly affected B. plicatilis and A. sinica microbial community structures. Additionally, the inhibiting effect of B. amyloliquefaciens on vibrios was almost similar to a broad-spectrum antibiotic, suggesting that B. amyloliquefaciens could take the place of an antibiotic during hatching of B. plicatilis and A. sinica.

Branchionus plicatils and A. sinica are two of the most important and common live feeds for fish, shrimp, and crab seedlings in many countries. Introducing a probiotic through live feed can play the role of disease control and prevention, which may reduce antibiotic abuse, as specific pathogens are antagonized by application of certain probiotic species. In this case, good husbandry and environmentally friendly aquaculture can help. All of these aspects will be a focus in the future.

6 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author.

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Edgar R C. 2013. UPARSE:highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nature Methods, 10(10): 996-998. DOI:10.1038/nmeth.2604
Fan R F. 2010. Screening of potential probiotics derived from intestine of cultured Scophthalmus maximus and preliminary application. Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai.
Fang H, Wang H F, Cai L, Yu Y L. 2015. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial pathogens in long-term manured greenhouse soils as revealed by metagenomic survey. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2): 1095-1104.
Ferguson H W, Collins R O, Moore M, Coles M, MacPhee D D. 2004. Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection in farmed cod, Gadus morhua L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27(4): 249-253. DOI:10.1111/jfd.2004.27.issue-4
Garcés M E, Sequeiros C, Olivera N L. 2015. Marine Lactobacillus pentosus H16 protects Artemia franciscana from Vibrio alginolyticus pathogenic effects. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 113(1): 41-50. DOI:10.3354/dao02815
Garnier M, Labreuche Y, Garcia C, Robert M, Nicolas J L. 2007. Evidence for the involvement of pathogenic bacteria in summer mortalities of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Microbial Ecology, 53(2): 187-196.
Gatesoupe F J. 1990. The continuous feeding of turbot larvae, Scophthalmus maximus, and control of the bacterial environment of rotifers. Aquaculture, 89(2): 139-148. DOI:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90306-8
Gatesoupe F J. 1991. Managing the dietary value of Artemia for larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus; the effect of enrichment and distribution techniques. Aquacultural Engineering, 10(2): 111-119.
Gatesoupe F J. 1994. Lactic acid bacteria increase the resistance of turbot larvae, Scophthalmus maximus, against pathogenic Vibrio. Aquatic Living Resources, 7(4): 277-282. DOI:10.1051/alr:1994030
Gatesoupe F J. 2002. Probiotic and formaldehyde treatments of Artemia nauplii as food for larval pollack, Pollachius pollachius. Aquaculture, 212(1-4): 347-360.
Gatesoupe F J. 2008. Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming:natural occurrence and probiotic treatments. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 14(1-3): 107-114. DOI:10.1159/000106089
Gianelli J D, Kennedy S B, Fernandez E M, Gensler A L, Tucker J W J. 1997. Increased production of rotifers treated with Bacillus sp. isolated from common snook(Centropomous undecemalis) larvae. World Aquaculture, 97: 131.
Hjelm M, Bergh Ø, Riaza A, Nielsen J, Melchiorsen J, Jensen S, Duncan H, Ahrens P, Birkbeck H, Gram L. 2004. Selection and identification of autochthonous potential probiotic bacteria from turbot larvae (Scophthalmus maximus) rearing units. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27(3): 360-371. DOI:10.1078/0723-2020-00256
Hoshina T, Sano T, Morimoto Y. 1958. A Streptococcus pathogenic to fish. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, 44: 57-68.
Huys G, Bartie K, Cnockaert M, Oanh D T H, Phuong N T, Somsiri T, Chinabut S, Yusoff F M, Shariff M, Giacomini M, Teale A, Swings J. 2007. Biodiversity of chloramphenicol-resistant mesophilic heterotrophs from Southeast Asian aquaculture environments. Research in Microbiology, 158(3): 228-235. DOI:10.1016/j.resmic.2006.12.011
Huys L, Dhert P, Robles R, Ollevier F, Sorgeloos P, Swings J. 2001. Search for beneficial bacterial strains for turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.) larviculture. Aquaculture, 193(1-2): 25-37. DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00474-9
Immanuel G, Citarasu T, Sivaram V, Babu M M, Palavesam A. 2007. Delivery of HUFA, probionts and biomedicine through bioencapsulated Artemia as a means to enhance the growth and survival and reduce the pathogenesity in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae. Aquaculture International, 15(2): 137-152. DOI:10.1007/s10499-007-9074-5
Jamali H, Imani A, Abdollahi D, Roozbehfar R, Isari A. 2015. Use of probiotic Bacillus spp. in rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and artemia (Artemia urmiana) enrichment:effects on growth and survival of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, larvae. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 7(2): 118-125. DOI:10.1007/s12602-015-9189-3
Kim D H, Austin B. 2006. Innate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) induced by probiotics. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 21(5): 513-524.
Lamari F, Sadok K, Bakhrouf A, Gatesoupe F J. 2014. Selection of lactic acid bacteria as candidate probiotics and in vivo test on Artemia nauplii. Aquaculture International, 22(2): 699-709. DOI:10.1007/s10499-013-9699-5
Magi G E, Lopez-Romalde S, Magariños G E, Lamas J, Toranzo A E, Romalde J L. 2009. Experimental Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection in turbot Psetta maxima(L.):a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. European Journal of Histochemistry, 53(2): e9. DOI:10.4081/ejh.2009.e9
Martínez-Díaz S F, Álvarez-González C A, Legorreta M M, Vázquez-Juárez R, Barrios-González J. 2003. Elimination of the associated microbial community and bioencapsulation of bacteria in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture International, 11(1-2): 95-108.
Munro P D, Barbour A, Birkbeck T H. 1995. Comparison of the growth and survival of larval turbot in the absence of culturable bacteria with those in the presence of Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, or a marine Aeromonas sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(12): 4 425-4428.
Nayak S K. 2010. Probiotics and immunity:a fish perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 29(1): 2-14.
Palma J, Bureau D P, Andrade J P. 2011. Effect of different Artemia enrichments and feeding protocol for rearing juvenile long snout seahorse, Hippocampus guttulatus. Aquaculture, 318(3-4): 439-443. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.05.035
Planas M, Pérez-Lorenzo M, Hjelm M, Gram L, Fiksdal I U, Bergh Ø, Pintado J. 2006. Probiotic effect in vivo of Roseobacter strain 27-4 against Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum infections in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larvae. Aquaculture, 255(1-4): 323-333. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.039
Ruscoe I M, Williams G R, Shelley C C. 2004. Limiting the use of rotifers to the first zoeal stage in mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskål) larval rearing. Aquaculture, 231(1-4): 517-527. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.021
Shi X Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y G, Yu Y X, Deng W, Li H. 2015. The characteristics of culturable bacterial microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of turbot (Scophthatmus maximus) larvae. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 36(4): 73-82.
Shiri Harzevili A R, van Duffel H, Dhert P, Swings J, Sorgeloos P. 1998. Use of a potential probiotic Lactococcus lactis AR21 strain for the enhancement of growth in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (Müller). Aquaculture Research, 29(6): 411-417.
Silva E F, Soares M A, Calazans N F, Vogeley J L, do Valle B C, Soares R, Peixoto S. 2012. Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 44(1): 13-21.
Skjermo J, Bakke I, Dahle S W, Vadstein O. 2015. Probiotic strains introduced through live feed and rearing water have low colonizing success in developing Atlantic cod larvae. Aquaculture, 438: 17-23. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.027
Smith P, Hiney M P, Samuelsen O B. 1994. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents used in fish farming:a critical evaluation of method and meaning. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 4: 273-313. DOI:10.1016/0959-8030(94)90032-9
Subasinghe R. 1997. Fish health and quarantine. In: Review of the State of the World Aquaculture-FAO Fisheries Circular no. 886. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. p. 45-49.
Suga K, Tanaka Y, Sakakura Y, Hagiwara A. 2011. Axenic culture of Brachionus plicatilis using antibiotics. Hydrobiologia, 662(1): 113-119. DOI:10.1007/s10750-010-0488-0
Sulkin S D, Epifanio C E. 1975. Comparison of rotifers and other diets for rearing early larvae of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 3(1): 109-113. DOI:10.1016/0302-3524(75)90011-0
Sun Y Z, Yang H L, Huang K P, Ye J D, Zhang C X. 2013. Application of autochthonous Bacillus bioencapsulated in copepod to grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae. Aquaculture, 392-395: 44-50. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.037
Verschuere L, Heang H, Criel G, Dafnis S, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. 2000a. Selected bacterial strains protect Artemia spp. from the Pathogenic Effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(3): 1139-1146. DOI:10.1128/AEM.66.3.1139-1146.2000
Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. 2000b. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64(4): 655-671. DOI:10.1128/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000
Villamil L, Figueras A, Planas M, Novoa B. 2003. Control of Vibrio alginolyticus in Artemia culture by treatment with bacterial probiotics. Aquaculture, 219(1-4): 43-56. DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00515-X
Wang S X, Yang Z X, Sun Z, Liu Y, Wang C W, Jing Y H. 2014. Application of high throughput sequencing in the diversity of water microbial communities. Chemistry, 77(3): 196-203.
Wu Z Q, Jiang C, Ling F, Wang G X. 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation of intestinal autochthonous bacteria on the innate immunity and disease resistance of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture, 438: 105-114. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.041
Zhang Z, Liao M J, Li B, Wang Y G, Wang L, Rong X J, Chen G P. 2014. Study on cultured half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther) intestinal microflora changes affected by different disease occurrence. Journal of Fisheries of China, 38(9): 1565-1572.
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Fan R F, 2010. Screening of potential probiotics derived from intestine of cultured Scophthalmus maximus and preliminary application. Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai.
Fang H, Wang H F, Cai L, Yu Y L, 2015. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial pathogens in long-term manured greenhouse soils as revealed by metagenomic survey. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2): 1095–1104.
Ferguson H W, Collins R O, Moore M, Coles M, MacPhee D D, 2004. Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection in farmed cod, Gadus morhua L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27(4): 249–253. Doi: 10.1111/jfd.2004.27.issue-4
Garcés M E, Sequeiros C, Olivera N L, 2015. Marine Lactobacillus pentosus H16 protects Artemia franciscana from Vibrio alginolyticus pathogenic effects. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 113(1): 41–50. Doi: 10.3354/dao02815
Garnier M, Labreuche Y, Garcia C, Robert M, Nicolas J L, 2007. Evidence for the involvement of pathogenic bacteria in summer mortalities of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Microbial Ecology, 53(2): 187–196.
Gatesoupe F J, 1990. The continuous feeding of turbot larvae, Scophthalmus maximus, and control of the bacterial environment of rotifers. Aquaculture, 89(2): 139–148. Doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(90)90306-8
Gatesoupe F J, 1991. Managing the dietary value of Artemia for larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus; the effect of enrichment and distribution techniques. Aquacultural Engineering, 10(2): 111–119.
Gatesoupe F J, 1994. Lactic acid bacteria increase the resistance of turbot larvae, Scophthalmus maximus, against pathogenic Vibrio. Aquatic Living Resources, 7(4): 277–282. Doi: 10.1051/alr:1994030
Gatesoupe F J, 2002. Probiotic and formaldehyde treatments of Artemia nauplii as food for larval pollack, Pollachius pollachius. Aquaculture, 212(1-4): 347–360.
Gatesoupe F J, 2008. Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming:natural occurrence and probiotic treatments. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 14(1-3): 107–114. Doi: 10.1159/000106089
Gianelli J D, Kennedy S B, Fernandez E M, Gensler A L, Tucker J W J, 1997. Increased production of rotifers treated with Bacillus sp. isolated from common snook(Centropomous undecemalis) larvae. World Aquaculture, 97: 131.
Hjelm M, Bergh Ø, Riaza A, Nielsen J, Melchiorsen J, Jensen S, Duncan H, Ahrens P, Birkbeck H, Gram L, 2004. Selection and identification of autochthonous potential probiotic bacteria from turbot larvae (Scophthalmus maximus) rearing units. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27(3): 360–371. Doi: 10.1078/0723-2020-00256
Hoshina T, Sano T, Morimoto Y, 1958. A Streptococcus pathogenic to fish. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, 44: 57–68.
Huys G, Bartie K, Cnockaert M, Oanh D T H, Phuong N T, Somsiri T, Chinabut S, Yusoff F M, Shariff M, Giacomini M, Teale A, Swings J, 2007. Biodiversity of chloramphenicol-resistant mesophilic heterotrophs from Southeast Asian aquaculture environments. Research in Microbiology, 158(3): 228–235. Doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.12.011
Huys L, Dhert P, Robles R, Ollevier F, Sorgeloos P, Swings J, 2001. Search for beneficial bacterial strains for turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.) larviculture. Aquaculture, 193(1-2): 25–37. Doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00474-9
Immanuel G, Citarasu T, Sivaram V, Babu M M, Palavesam A, 2007. Delivery of HUFA, probionts and biomedicine through bioencapsulated Artemia as a means to enhance the growth and survival and reduce the pathogenesity in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae. Aquaculture International, 15(2): 137–152. Doi: 10.1007/s10499-007-9074-5
Jamali H, Imani A, Abdollahi D, Roozbehfar R, Isari A, 2015. Use of probiotic Bacillus spp. in rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and artemia (Artemia urmiana) enrichment:effects on growth and survival of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, larvae. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 7(2): 118–125. Doi: 10.1007/s12602-015-9189-3
Kim D H, Austin B, 2006. Innate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) induced by probiotics. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 21(5): 513–524.
Lamari F, Sadok K, Bakhrouf A, Gatesoupe F J, 2014. Selection of lactic acid bacteria as candidate probiotics and in vivo test on Artemia nauplii. Aquaculture International, 22(2): 699–709. Doi: 10.1007/s10499-013-9699-5
Magi G E, Lopez-Romalde S, Magariños G E, Lamas J, Toranzo A E, Romalde J L, 2009. Experimental Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection in turbot Psetta maxima(L.):a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. European Journal of Histochemistry, 53(2): e9. Doi: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e9
Martínez-Díaz S F, Álvarez-González C A, Legorreta M M, Vázquez-Juárez R, Barrios-González J, 2003. Elimination of the associated microbial community and bioencapsulation of bacteria in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture International, 11(1-2): 95–108.
Munro P D, Barbour A, Birkbeck T H, 1995. Comparison of the growth and survival of larval turbot in the absence of culturable bacteria with those in the presence of Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, or a marine Aeromonas sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(12): 4 425–4428.
Nayak S K, 2010. Probiotics and immunity:a fish perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 29(1): 2–14.
Palma J, Bureau D P, Andrade J P, 2011. Effect of different Artemia enrichments and feeding protocol for rearing juvenile long snout seahorse, Hippocampus guttulatus. Aquaculture, 318(3-4): 439–443. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.05.035
Planas M, Pérez-Lorenzo M, Hjelm M, Gram L, Fiksdal I U, Bergh Ø, Pintado J, 2006. Probiotic effect in vivo of Roseobacter strain 27-4 against Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum infections in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larvae. Aquaculture, 255(1-4): 323–333. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.039
Ruscoe I M, Williams G R, Shelley C C, 2004. Limiting the use of rotifers to the first zoeal stage in mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskål) larval rearing. Aquaculture, 231(1-4): 517–527. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.021
Shi X Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y G, Yu Y X, Deng W, Li H, 2015. The characteristics of culturable bacterial microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of turbot (Scophthatmus maximus) larvae. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 36(4): 73–82.
Shiri Harzevili A R, van Duffel H, Dhert P, Swings J, Sorgeloos P, 1998. Use of a potential probiotic Lactococcus lactis AR21 strain for the enhancement of growth in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (Müller). Aquaculture Research, 29(6): 411–417.
Silva E F, Soares M A, Calazans N F, Vogeley J L, do Valle B C, Soares R, Peixoto S, 2012. Effect of probiotic (Bacillus spp.) addition during larvae and postlarvae culture of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 44(1): 13–21.
Skjermo J, Bakke I, Dahle S W, Vadstein O, 2015. Probiotic strains introduced through live feed and rearing water have low colonizing success in developing Atlantic cod larvae. Aquaculture, 438: 17–23. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.027
Smith P, Hiney M P, Samuelsen O B, 1994. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents used in fish farming:a critical evaluation of method and meaning. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 4: 273–313. Doi: 10.1016/0959-8030(94)90032-9
Subasinghe R. 1997. Fish health and quarantine. In: Review of the State of the World Aquaculture-FAO Fisheries Circular no. 886. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. p. 45-49.
Suga K, Tanaka Y, Sakakura Y, Hagiwara A, 2011. Axenic culture of Brachionus plicatilis using antibiotics. Hydrobiologia, 662(1): 113–119. Doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0488-0
Sulkin S D, Epifanio C E, 1975. Comparison of rotifers and other diets for rearing early larvae of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 3(1): 109–113. Doi: 10.1016/0302-3524(75)90011-0
Sun Y Z, Yang H L, Huang K P, Ye J D, Zhang C X, 2013. Application of autochthonous Bacillus bioencapsulated in copepod to grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae. Aquaculture, 392-395: 44–50. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.037
Verschuere L, Heang H, Criel G, Dafnis S, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W, 2000a. Selected bacterial strains protect Artemia spp. from the Pathogenic Effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(3): 1139–1146. Doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.3.1139-1146.2000
Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W, 2000b. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64(4): 655–671. Doi: 10.1128/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000
Villamil L, Figueras A, Planas M, Novoa B, 2003. Control of Vibrio alginolyticus in Artemia culture by treatment with bacterial probiotics. Aquaculture, 219(1-4): 43–56. Doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00515-X
Wang S X, Yang Z X, Sun Z, Liu Y, Wang C W, Jing Y H, 2014. Application of high throughput sequencing in the diversity of water microbial communities. Chemistry, 77(3): 196–203.
Wu Z Q, Jiang C, Ling F, Wang G X, 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation of intestinal autochthonous bacteria on the innate immunity and disease resistance of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture, 438: 105–114. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.041
Zhang Z, Liao M J, Li B, Wang Y G, Wang L, Rong X J, Chen G P, 2014. Study on cultured half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther) intestinal microflora changes affected by different disease occurrence. Journal of Fisheries of China, 38(9): 1565–1572.